The Amazon is currently under intense pressure. Environmental degradation is accelerating and there are already signs that we are reaching an inflection point. Indigenous Lands remain the least deprived areas in the region, but they are also threatened. What does the past tell us about the human occupation of the Amazon? How did many more indigenous populations inhabit the forest without destroying it? And what does this tell us about the challenges of the present? These are some of the questions that animate this seminar.